thermodynamic perturbation

例句：

1. 1. The study of thermodynamics is crucial for understanding the behavior of matter under extreme conditions.
   研究热力学对于理解物质在极端条件下的行为至关重要。
2. 2.The engineer used a thermodynamic model to optimize the system's performance.
   工程师使用了一个热力学模型来优化系统的性能。
3. 3.The research on thermodynamics has led to significant advancements in energy storage and conversion technologies.
   对热力学的研究已经导致能源存储和转换技术的重大进步。